{"id":149,"date":"2023-03-26T21:31:02","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T01:31:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nanoscience.ucf.edu\/hickman\/?page_id=149"},"modified":"2023-03-31T09:51:10","modified_gmt":"2023-03-31T13:51:10","slug":"surface-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nanoscience.ucf.edu\/hickman\/research\/surface-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Surface Chemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns mb-5 is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"n2-section-smartslider fitvidsignore  n2_clear\" data-ssid=\"3\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Slider\"><div id=\"n2-ss-3-align\" class=\"n2-ss-align\"><div class=\"n2-padding\"><div id=\"n2-ss-3\" data-creator=\"Smart Slider 3\" data-responsive=\"auto\" class=\"n2-ss-slider n2-ow n2-has-hover n2notransition  \">\n\n\n\n<div class=\"n2-ss-slider-wrapper-inside\">\n        <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-1 n2_ss__touch_element n2-ow\">\n            <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-2 n2-ow\">\n                                                <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-3 n2-ow\">\n\n                    <div class=\"n2-ss-slide-backgrounds n2-ow-all\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"1\" data-mode=\"fit\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-image\" data-blur=\"0\" data-opacity=\"100\" data-x=\"50\" data-y=\"50\" data-alt=\"\" data-title=\"\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/nanoscience.ucf.edu\/hickman\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/slider\/cache\/bf3cf42f8c3208f11abb1baef8ea96d2\/surface1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><\/picture><\/div><div data-color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,1)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(0,0,0,1);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div 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class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>                    <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-4 n2-ow\">\n                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 600\" data-related-device=\"desktopPortrait\" class=\"n2-ow n2-ss-preserve-size n2-ss-preserve-size--slider n2-ss-slide-limiter\"><\/svg><div data-first=\"1\" data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"17\" data-slide-public-id=\"1\" data-title=\"Slide 1\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-17\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slide 1<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-mbDVhc7VSPxe\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-18e89118a361b\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"content\" data-hasbackground=\"0\"><div class=\"n2-ss-section-main-content n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n2-ow n-uc-18e89118a361b-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n2-ss-layer--auto n2-ss-has-self-align n-uc-1e8bab3faf4ab\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"row\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-row n2-ss-layer-with-background n-uc-1e8bab3faf4ab-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-row-inner \"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-180d73ea482d5\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"col\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-col n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n-uc-180d73ea482d5-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-nQrmkaYGNhJE\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"layer\"><div id=\"n2-ss-3item1\" class=\"n2-font-db54274de5da2f2a959cb3337ab3298e-hover   n2-ss-item-content n2-ss-text n2-ow\" style=\"display:block;\">Fabrication of Coplanar SAMs<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"23\" data-slide-public-id=\"2\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"Slide 2\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-23\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slide 2<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-5TbOyefkdi25\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-Um19rOYjffr1\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"content\" data-hasbackground=\"0\"><div class=\"n2-ss-section-main-content n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n2-ow n-uc-Um19rOYjffr1-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n2-ss-layer--auto n2-ss-has-self-align n-uc-BsSA18pLYroA\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"row\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-row n2-ss-layer-with-background n-uc-BsSA18pLYroA-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-row-inner \"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-9XQeEbotNbsn\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"col\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-col n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n-uc-9XQeEbotNbsn-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-GKsuu96VGj5T\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"layer\"><div id=\"n2-ss-3item2\" class=\"n2-font-db54274de5da2f2a959cb3337ab3298e-hover   n2-ss-item-content n2-ss-text n2-ow\" style=\"display:block;\">Advanced Hippocampal Two-Cell Networks<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"24\" data-slide-public-id=\"3\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"Slide 3\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-24\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slide 3<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-r0FWO3cto92H\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-sJPDi0KIr92Q\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"content\" data-hasbackground=\"0\"><div class=\"n2-ss-section-main-content n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n2-ow n-uc-sJPDi0KIr92Q-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n2-ss-layer--auto n2-ss-has-self-align n-uc-hD13Dq2K2wXC\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"row\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-row n2-ss-layer-with-background n-uc-hD13Dq2K2wXC-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-row-inner \"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-E1W2x0OJfIQf\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"col\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-col n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n-uc-E1W2x0OJfIQf-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-X94Vtf6xKJPx\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"layer\"><div id=\"n2-ss-3item3\" class=\"n2-font-db54274de5da2f2a959cb3337ab3298e-hover   n2-ss-item-content n2-ss-text n2-ow\" style=\"display:block;\">Cardiac Patterns\/Microelectrode arrays<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"25\" data-slide-public-id=\"4\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"Slide 4\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-25\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slide 4<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-LrMNds8qt6pV\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-Dbg8DjBokIjN\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"content\" data-hasbackground=\"0\"><div class=\"n2-ss-section-main-content n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n2-ow n-uc-Dbg8DjBokIjN-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n2-ss-layer--auto n2-ss-has-self-align n-uc-umt2wWrn1uwy\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"row\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-row n2-ss-layer-with-background n-uc-umt2wWrn1uwy-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-row-inner \"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-C5j9YPT1ugcD\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"col\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer-col n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n-uc-C5j9YPT1ugcD-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-Ot41tbLEBYlb\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"layer\"><div id=\"n2-ss-3item4\" class=\"n2-font-db54274de5da2f2a959cb3337ab3298e-hover   n2-ss-item-content n2-ss-text n2-ow\" style=\"display:block;\">Hippocampal neurons, Day 18, NBActiV<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-controls n2-ss-slider-controls-absolute-left-center\"><div style=\"--widget-offset:15px;\" class=\"n2-ss-widget n2-style-107cb0e4b96e295f0c4852cfc0854d07-heading nextend-arrow n2-ow-all nextend-arrow-previous  nextend-arrow-animated-fade\" id=\"n2-ss-3-arrow-previous\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"previous arrow\" tabindex=\"0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDMyIDMyIj4KICAgIDxwYXRoIGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIG9wYWNpdHk9IjAuOCIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJldmVub2RkIgogICAgICAgICAgZD0iTTE4Ljk5NTggOC45OTA3YzAtLjQyNC0uMjA0LS43MjMtLjYxLS44OTgtLjQwOS0uMTczLS43NzItLjEwNC0xLjA5My4yMDlsLTcuMDA2IDYuOTc1Yy0uMjAxLjE5OS0uMjk3LjQzNy0uMjg2LjcxNiAwIC4yNjcuMDk2LjQ5OC4yODYuNjg5bDcuMDA2IDcuMDAxYy4zMjEuMzIxLjY4NC4zODkgMS4wOTMuMjA5LjQwNi0uMTc0LjYxLS40ODIuNjEtLjkyMlY4Ljk5MDd6Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==\" alt=\"previous arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slider-controls n2-ss-slider-controls-absolute-right-center\"><div style=\"--widget-offset:15px;\" class=\"n2-ss-widget n2-style-107cb0e4b96e295f0c4852cfc0854d07-heading nextend-arrow n2-ow-all nextend-arrow-next  nextend-arrow-animated-fade\" id=\"n2-ss-3-arrow-next\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"next arrow\" tabindex=\"0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMzIiIGhlaWdodD0iMzIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzMiAzMiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xMiA4Ljk5YzAtLjQyMy4yMDQtLjcyMi42MS0uODk3LjQwOC0uMTczLjc3Mi0uMTA0IDEuMDkyLjIxbDcuMDA2IDYuOTc0Yy4yMDIuMi4yOTguNDM3LjI4Ny43MTYgMCAuMjY3LS4wOTYuNDk4LS4yODcuNjlsLTcuMDA2IDdjLS4zMi4zMi0uNjg0LjM5LTEuMDkyLjIxLS40MDYtLjE3NS0uNjEtLjQ4My0uNjEtLjkyM1Y4Ljk5eiIKICAgICAgICAgIGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIG9wYWNpdHk9IjAuOCIgZmlsbC1ydWxlPSJldmVub2RkIi8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==\" alt=\"next arrow\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><ss3-loader><\/ss3-loader><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2_clear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video height=\"180\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 474 \/ 180;\" width=\"474\" controls src=\"https:\/\/nanoscience.ucf.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/03\/surfacechemistry.mp4\"><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Time-lapse video recording of rat hippocampal cells migrating over self-assembled monolayer patterns to form controlled two-cell networks for investigations of synaptic activity.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Hickman has worked for 20 years on modifying culture surfaces using self-assembled monolayers to control and regulate cellular development and maintenance&nbsp;<em>in vitro<\/em><sup>[<a href=\"#ref1\">1-6<\/a>]<\/sup>. His contribution to this field now underpins all the work currently performed at the Hybrid Systems Lab and is crucial to the successful development of the Body-On-A-Chip and reflex arc model systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Application of cytophilic monomers, such as DETA, in conjunction with cytophobic species like PEG, facilitates the generation of culture surfaces where the adhesion and growth patterns of seeded cells is tightly controlled. Use of this technology is crucial in the development of complex, multi-organ systems where spatial distribution and physical interaction between cell types must be tightly regulated. It is also beneficial in the development of defined culture environments for in depth analysis of cellular growth and maturation&nbsp;<em>in vitro<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"h4 heading-underline mt-4 mt-lg-5 wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref16\">[1] Esch MB, Smith AS, Prot JM, Oleaga C,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>, Shuler ML. How multi-organ microdevices can help foster drug development.&nbsp;<em>Advanced drug delivery reviews<\/em>. 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref15\">[2] Smith AST, Long CJ, Pirozzi K,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>. A functional system for high-content screening of neuromuscular junctions in vitro.&nbsp;<em>Technology<\/em>. 2013;1:37-48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref17\">[3] Sung JH, Esch MB, Prot JM, Long CJ, Smith A,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>, et al. Microfabricated mammalian organ systems and their integration into models of whole animals and humans.&nbsp;<em>Lab on a chip<\/em>. 2013;13:1201-12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref18\">[4] Smith AS, Long CJ, Berry BJ, McAleer C, Stancescu M, Molnar P, et al. Microphysiological systems and low-cost microfluidic platform with analytics.&nbsp;<em>Stem cell research &amp; therapy<\/em>. 2013;4 Suppl 1:S9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref7\">[5] Guo X, Ayala JE, Gonzalez M, Stancescu M, Lambert S,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>. Tissue engineering the monosynaptic circuit of the stretch reflex arc with co-culture of embryonic motoneurons and proprioceptive sensory neurons.&nbsp;<em>Biomaterials<\/em>. 2012;33:5723-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref9\">[6] Rumsey JW, Das M, Bhalkikar A, Stancescu M,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>. Tissue engineering the mechanosensory circuit of the stretch reflex arc: Sensory neuron innervation of intrafusal muscle fibers.&nbsp;<em>Biomaterials<\/em>. 2010;31:8218-27.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref12\">[7] Wilson K, Das M, Wahl KJ, Colton RJ,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>. Measurement of contractile stress generated by cultured rat muscle on silicon cantilevers for toxin detection and muscle performance enhancement.&nbsp;<em>PLoS ONE<\/em>. 2010;5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref14\">[8] Das M, Rumsey JW, Bhargava N, Stancescu M,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>. A defined long-term in vitro tissue engineered model of neuromuscular junctions.&nbsp;<em>Biomaterials<\/em>. 2010;31:4880-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref11\">[9] Das M, Rumsey JW, Bhargava N, Gregory C, Riedel L, Kang JF, et al. Developing a novel serum-free cell culture model of skeletal muscle differentiation by systematically studying the role of different growth factors in myotube formation.&nbsp;<em>In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim<\/em>. 2009;45:378-87.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref13\">[10] Wilson K, Molnar P,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>. Integration of functional myotubes with a Bio-MEMS device for non-invasive interrogation.&nbsp;<em>Lab on a chip<\/em>. 2007;7:920-2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref10\">[11] Das M, Gregory CA, Molnar P, Riedel LM, Wilson K,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>. A defined system to allow skeletal muscle differentiation and subsequent integration with silicon microstructures.&nbsp;<em>Biomaterials<\/em>. 2006;27:4374-80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref8\">[12] Das M, Molnar P, Devaraj H, Poeta M,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>. Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of rat embryonic motoneurons in a defined system.&nbsp;<em>Biotechnology progress<\/em>. 2003;19:1756-61.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref6\">[13] Ravenscroft MS, Bateman KE, Shaffer KM, Schessler HM, Jung DR, Schneider TW, et al. Developmental Neurobiology Implications from Fabrication and Analysis of Hippocampal Neuronal Networks on Patterned Silane-Modified Surfaces.&nbsp;<em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em>. 1998;120:12169-77.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref5\">[14] Stenger DA,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>, Bateman KE, Ravenscroft MS, Ma W, Pancrazio JJ, et al. Microlithographic determination of axonal\/dendritic polarity in cultured hippocampal neurons.&nbsp;<em>Journal of neuroscience methods<\/em>. 1998;82:167-73.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref4\">[15] Schaffner AE, Barker JL, Stenger DA,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>. Investigation of the factors necessary for growth of hippocampal neurons in a defined system.&nbsp;<em>Journal of neuroscience methods<\/em>. 1995;62:111-9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref3\">[16]&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>, Bhatia SK, Quong JN, Shoen P, Stenger DA, Pike CJ, et al. Rational pattern design for in vitro cellular networks using surface photochemistry.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Vacuum Science &amp; Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films<\/em>. 1994;12:607-16.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref2\">[17] Stenger DA, Pike CJ,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>, Cotman CW. Surface determinants of neuronal survival and growth on self-assembled monolayers in culture.&nbsp;<em>Brain Research<\/em>. 1993;630:136-47.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ref1\">[18] Stenger DA, Georger JH, Dulcey CS,&nbsp;<strong>Hickman JJ<\/strong>, Rudolph AS, Nielsen TB, et al. Coplanar molecular assemblies of amino- and perfluorinated alkylsilanes: characterization and geometric definition of mammalian cell adhesion and growth.&nbsp;<em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em>. 1992;114:8435-42.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Dr. Hickman has worked for 20 years on modifying culture surfaces using self-assembled monolayers to control and regulate cellular development and maintenance&nbsp;in vitro[1-6]. His contribution to this field now underpins all the work currently performed at the Hybrid Systems Lab and is crucial to the successful development of the Body-On-A-Chip and reflex arc model systems.&hellip;","protected":false},"author":69,"featured_media":0,"parent":60,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-149","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.0 (Yoast SEO v26.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Surface Chemistry - Hickman Hybrid Systems Lab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nanoscience.ucf.edu\/hickman\/research\/surface-chemistry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Surface Chemistry - Hickman Hybrid Systems Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Hickman has worked for 20 years on modifying culture surfaces using self-assembled monolayers to control and regulate cellular development and maintenance&nbsp;in vitro[1-6]. 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